Fate A Chronological Concept Of The Novel A Tale Of...

Fate: A Predetermined Concept Victorian literature was written in England during the time period of 1837-1901, it shows the struggle of working people and the triumph of right over wrong. Charles Dickens the author of the novel A Tale of Two Cities tries to educate the readers about his specific time period he lived in. One of the main themes in the novel is fate; fate is something that a human being cannot decide. Dickens’ illustrates in the novel that fate is predetermined as seen in the lives of Madame Defarge, Darnay, and Carton. Madame Defarge encounters many coincidences that will ultimately lead her to her fate. Not only does Madame Defarge encounter her fate, she is also predicting other people’s fates. Dickens introduces Madame Defarge by saying, â€Å"†¦when the one woman who had stood conspicuous, kitting, still knitted on with the steadfastness of Fate.† In the beginning we do not know what she is knitting, but later we find out that she is knitting a registry of names of the people who will die in the revolution. Dickens often also describes her as the woman who seems to be innocently knitting and watching everything that is going on. Madame Defarge encounters another coincidence when she tries to go find Lucie before Darnay is sent to the guillotine. Lucie and Darnay secretly left Paris to head back home and Madame Defarge is unaware of that. Coincidentally Miss Pross tells Mr. Lorry, â€Å"‘what do you think of our not starting from this court-yard? Another carriageShow Mo reRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagessuggestions that may prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When we refer to the plot of a work of fiction, then, we are referring to the deliberately arranged sequence of interrelated events that constitute the basic narrative structure of a novel or a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especiallyRead MoreAp English Open Ended Questions For Exa5390 Words   |  22 Pages(or a period of insanity) of a main character plays a central role. Choose a novel or play of literary merit and write an essay in which you discuss the mental illness of a central character and the specific ways in which that character’s illness relates to the larger themes of the work. Avoid plot summary. Sample Question 2: â€Å"The struggle to achieve dominance over others frequently appears in fiction.† Choose a novel in which such a struggle for dominance occurs, and write an essay showing forRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pagesoften without explicit identification. Allusions can originate in mythology, biblical references, historical events, legends, geography, or earlier literary works. Authors often use allusion to establish a tone, create an implied association, contrast two objects or people, make an unusual juxtaposition of references, or bring the reader into a world of experience outside the limitations of the story itself. Authors assume that the readers will recognize the original sources and relate their meaningRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pages Puritan Times period of American Literature - 1650-1750 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · errand into the wilderness be a city upon a hill Christian utopia Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · sermons, diaries personal narratives captivity narratives jeremiads written in plain style Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · instructive reinforces authority of the Bible and church Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · a person s fate is determined by God all people are corrupt and must be saved by Christ Rationalism / Age of Enlightenment periodRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesabout semiotics and especially film semiotics were available in English. Michael Taylor s translation represents a serious effort to make Metz s complicated prose, filled with specialized vocabularies, accessible to a public unfamiliar with the concepts and terms of semiotics. Excepting the inadequate translation of a few words which either cannot be translated into English or only approximately translated, few semantic and stylistic improvements are needed and the translation does justice to MetzRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesRichard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. 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It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registeredRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesrecommending a personalised study plan that points you to the resources which can help you achieve a better grade †¢ Key concept audio summaries that you can download or listen to online †¢ Video cases that show real managers talking about their own organisations †¢ Revision flashcards to help y ou prepare for your exams †¢ A multi-lingual online glossary to help explain key concepts †¢ Guidance on how to analyse a case study †¢ Links to relevant sites on the web so you can explore more about the organisationsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages—San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury

Internet and Information Paper - 783 Words

Internet and Information Paper Your name University of Phoenix Media and American Culture HUM/176 Wendell Smith July 20, 2012 Internet and Information Paper Hello, It’s good to hear from you. You’re right to be fascinated about the internet; it can be a great tool. I use the internet nearly every day it’s like having a dictionary, thesaurus, almanac, encyclopedia, and library all rolled into one and open 24 hours a day 7 days a week. The internet is a great tool however finding the information you’re looking for is like finding a needle in a stack of paperclips, lots of information that’s similar but not quite what you’re looking for it. The most common tool we use to†¦show more content†¦The digital divide is a term used for to describe the growing distance between those with access to information and those who don’t have the access. We would be a perfect example of the digital divide. What makes us a perfect example would be your lack of access to the internet and electronic devices like smartphone, computers, and the internet and how I have access to all of that information at the tou ch of my fingers. One aspect of the digital divide is the speed in which people can access information. The difference between high speed internet and dialup can have a major impact on staying informed. One way we are trying to bridge the digital divided is by trying to increase access to the internet. Organizations like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have been leading advocates of provided the public access to the internet with networked computers in libraries since 1997. Some would say we are succeeding at least in the United States now that nearly 99 percent of public libraries have internet access available to the public. Now we are working on expanding the number of computers in those libraries. With the increasing use of smartphones the digital divide between different white Americans and African Americans shrunk greatly. Globally we face a harder time closing the gap since the digital divide closely follows behind the economic divide. As theShow MoreRelatedUsa Today an d Wall Street Journal Swot1643 Words   |  7 PagesLower Education Level Readers 6. More Popular in Lower Income Families (under $80,000) 7. Use of Google Ads 8. Popularity Greatly Exceeds the Competition Outside the WSJ 9. Short Distribution to Circulators Weaknesses 1. Decline of Paper Reading 2. Availability of Free Online Articles Before Subscription 3. Lack of Youth Appeal- Average Age is 50 Years Old 4. More of A Domestic Newspaper Compared to the WSJ, offered in London and a few select cities 5. 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With the birth of the Internet however, the ability to commit fraud through plagiarism has greatly increased. In this electronic age, there are many materials available that promote plagiarism, and many measures being applied to detect it. Along with the plagiarism materialsRead MoreHistory Of Internet On The World1486 Words   |  6 PagesJosh Margolis EMF140 November 2, 2015 History of Internet Before the the Internet was created, linking the world, human beings were already thinking with a connected mind. While messages obviously were unable to be transferred electronically, humans invented different ways to trade information and news with other people. Firstly was the post. In order to send a friend a message, a letter would have had to been written and mailed. Mailing messages was a long process, often taking days to getRead MoreThe Internet s Effect On Children822 Words   |  4 PagesSome people say the internet is helping children, but some people say the internet doesn t. 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Brutality And Complexity In Global Economy â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Brutality And Complexity In Global Economy? Answer: Introducaation A shared economy can be define as an economy where an individual has the capacity to originate or rent resources or services that are owned by some other individual being of that country. It can also be define as economy that shared all the resources and services in interchange of either suitable fees or may be compensation or open among the private individual of that country (Schneider et al., 2015). The system of shared economy is in use since the starting of the society. The process of sharing has been changed during the years but the purpose is more or less the same. The main objective of the shared economy has always been to enrich and enlightened the lives of the people of the country. Now a days, sharing has now become lot more possible, convenient and easy at a large level due to the introduction of internet in day to day life. In a shared economy there is the emergence of plentiful opportunities where the resources are used by a groups or individual in order to produce money but these things are absent in closed economy (Williams, 2014). Black Economy The segment of countrys economic activity that is derived from the sources that fall outside the countrys rules and regulation regarding commerce. The activities can be either legal or illegal depending on what goods and services involve. This is called Black Economy. On the other hand White Economy can be define as such portion of the economy where there is a proper accounts which is abides by the countrys rules and regulation. It is generally opposite of white economy (Schneider, 2015). In Black economy, the economy does not follow the guidelines and protocol of commerce of that country and thus the activity of such economy are not accounted for taxation purpose. An example of such economy is that the illegal weapons trade is the example of black economy. Another example is the payments of workers working in construction site where the workers are working legally but their payments are done illegally through cash so that tax can be avoided by both the workers and the person who is making the payments. The Uber is a business that operates in Australia under sharing economy and Cab charge is a business that operates under traditional business model. Both businesses operate in the same industry in Australia, i.e. in transport business. The objective of this part of the document is to explain the various aspects associated with the shared economy and more traditional economy and how these aspects influence the business operations of organizations operating under these economy models. As already mentioned in a sharing economy the private individuals are allowed and have the right to use the unused assets for their benefit in exchange of fees or free of costs depending upon the kind of resources or assets to be used. Traditional business model on the other hand is nothing like sharing economy as the assets in tradition economy are only allowed to be used by the owners for their own business and other purposes. These two organizations, i.e. Uber Australia and Cab charge, and their struct ures shall be discussed to under the characteristics of these two economy models better (Schneider Kearney, 2013). Uber Australia is a business organization that allows individuals to book cars and cabs according to their needs for travelling and commuting purposes. The concept of business of the company is to allow the customers to use the cars according to their needs by paying due fare. The structure of the business is such that it allows individuals to book ride instantly as well as advance bookings of ride for later periods by using mobile apps and online bookings (Guttentag, 2015). Whether the ride is for short distance or for long distance, the customers have the right to book rides according to their needs and requirements. The assets, i.e. in this case cars and cabs are though owned by the organization itself, i.e. Uber Australia, however, the individuals booking online and by using mobile phone apps can use these assets, i.e. cars and cabs, according to their needs and requirements in exchange of fare. The very premise of Uber is on sharing resources as the business is all about providi ng private cars and cabs on demand to the private individuals and public of a country. A worldwide business leader in its category Uber according to financial experts have a business turnover of over US$20 Billion however, surprisingly the company has only shown a tax bill of $18000.00 in Australia in its first tax bill in the country. This is quite surprising considering the huge business aspect of the company even in Australia the figure of $18000 seems quite low. The company, Uber Australia is a ride sharing company and has evolved its business around the globe on the concept of sharing economy. In fact the companys objective and goals are very much in alignment with the goals and objectives of a shared economy. An economy that allows free sharing of resources and assets owned by each other either in exchange of money or free of cost depending on the nature of resources and assets to be used is a sharing economy. However, there are numerous organizations that are operating in the country which do not believe in the concept of free sharing and follow a different economic model however, that does not take anything away from the positives of a sharing economy (Leigh Blakely, 2016). The structure of the company, i.e. Uber Australia is very much built on the concept of a sharing economy. In order to achieve an agile economy which is the objective of the Government of Australia including the prime minister of the country Mr. Malcom Turnbull compan ies like Uber, a ride sharing company, has a huge role to play and contribute to the overall development of the economy in the country. Considering the fact that the Australian economy is one of the earliest to be recognized as a developed economy in the globe it is not surprising to find numerous organizations in the country to operate under the shared economy model. According to a report the company, i.e. Uber Australia has delivered a whopping 5 Million rides in the year 2015 and the number of rides expected to increase in the future. However, the debt structure of the company should rang a bell in the managements ear. The company though is an important participant in sharing economy model however, the behavior of the company has become more or less align with other multi-national companies in the country. The company, according to an initial report has debt of $980000.00 from related entities which is far in excess of the first annual revenue of the company of $804000.00. According to the tax structure of the country companies with gearing ratio of above 60 per cent are allowed to claim tax deduction for repayments of loans. For a company which believes in the concept of shared economy is claims to be part of a sharing economy the structure of the company and its business model needs to be revisited to ensure that the operational characteristi cs of the company matches with the concept of shared economy (Kirchgssner, 2017). Cab charge is another business organization that is operating in the same industry as that of Uber Australia however, the business models and relevant economy models of the two organizations are completely different. Though both, Uber Australia and Cab Charge, are in the business of transport but the economy models of the two organizations are completely different. Whereas Uber Australia is an important constituent of shared economy model, Cab charge on the other hand is another organization which operates in more traditional way under traditional business model. Cab Charge as already mentioned works in more traditional business economy where the sharing concept is not followed (Meng et al., 2013). In a traditional business model unlike the sharing economy the private individuals have no right to use the resources and assets which are owned by others at free of cost. The customers in a traditional business model will have to make payments for each and every resources and assets to be sued for their own benefits. Cab charge is an organization that operates in transport business in the country following the characteristics of traditional business model. Cabchrage Australia Limited is a company listed in the Australian stock exchange and is an ASX 200 company since December, 1999. In the year 1976 the company established a payment system using which the customers can make account payment to the company for using the services of the company. In a joint venture with ComfortDelGro the company took 49% interest in Comforthdelgro cab charge. The company operates by taking booking services and dispatching services in exchange of fare in taxis in Australia. At present the company covers an astonishing 7000 taxis all across the country and is one of the largest cab service providers in the country (Winer et al., 2013). Despite the influx of competitions especially after the globalization the company has still been able to hold on to its major share. The management team and the executive committee of the company deserve a huge credit for the same. The companys cab charge payment system however, have come across number of criticisms from the r egulatory bodies of the country. In fact there have been numerous proceedings against the company for its alleged anti-competitive practices. In the year 2010 a Federal court proceeding was started for alleged anti-competitive practices including predatory pricing by the company which resulted in one of highest fines for any companies in the history of Australian economy and the company was forced to pay a fine $15 Million in settlement for its anti-competitive practices. In the year 1976 Cabcharge Australia Limited introduced an alternative payment system to cash payments for availing the services of the company. This brought about a huge revolution in the taxi industry as it got an alternative of cash payment system. The principle activities of the company includes the following: Businesses and individuals can make account payments instead of cash payments for using the cab services of the company. The company was one of the first companies to introduce non-cash payment facility in taxi industry (Kuehn, 2014). The company has point of sale system that allows the customers to make payment for availing the taxi services by using third party charge, credit cards, debit cards and products of car services. Development of software is another aspect of companys business. The company offers taxi booking and dispatch services. Development of hardware related to taxi services such as taxi security camera systems, taxi meters to account for the mileage, and other transaction processing equipment. Apart from the taxi services the company also runs buses and coaches in New South Wales and Victoria through joint venture business with its joint venture partners. The company operates in the traditional business model segment and thus, the main objective of the company is to maximize the profit from its operating activities. The company has been quite successful in operating taxi and other services over the years. Especially after the introduction of its non-cash payment system in the year 1976 the turnover of the company has increased significantly. However, with the increase in turnover there have been increase in controversies too (Summers, 2014). The company has found itself against the wrong side of numerous court proceedings; in June 2009 the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission started proceedings against the company alleging that the company has breached numerous fair trade practices and have violated competition rules to gain unjust advantage over its competitors in the market. ACCC began court proceeding in the Federal Court of Australia for alleged misuse of its power in the market to arbitrarily set prices to gain advanta ge over its competitors in the marketing. The court case was settled after the company agreed to three contraventions of trade practices (Allan et al., 2014). The sanction made by the Treasury in Black Economy Taskforce Interim Report says that through investigation sanction would be successful in order to decrease the involvement of shared economy to the problem of black money recommendation must be followed as in the report (Sassen, 2014). To decrease the influence of shared economy towards black money Treasury of Australia has made reference which are as follows. As of Australia maintain decent tax record so such firms are permitted to access to the procurement prospects. In order to motivate the business organization for following the same path, small business and organizations are to be allowed to receive incentives by them who has made investment in non- cash business. It is extremely essential to increase the Taxation Payment Reporting system. Payment method of contractors, payment of wages in case should be controlled in order to keep the provision for tax deductibility hassle of payments (Pickhardt Sard, 2015). The technology which are used to over power or destroy the sales figures must be banned. The business registration can be enriched through transformation steps of integrity. To the small business organization and small corporation essential and important training must be given which are related to taxation so that they could understand the process and thereafter apply its benefits in their own business. Based on the activities of Australian Taxation Office, funding must be increased. Regulatory taxes shall be deceased so that the small business firms are not over loaded with too much requirement of law. Limitation on cash payment shall be forced across the country for attaining better tax expansion across the country. A sharing economy that has reporting rule could be introduce in order to ensure well and better system of taxation. GST threshold must be reduced. Lowering of Reprieves of utilization. Introduction of Phoenix taskforce is essential. Reforms of beneficial ownership. Withdrawn of excess arrangement that are not necessary. The Government agencies must utilize with efficiency the documents privacy that must be increased. It is essential to implement the recommendation effectively in order to gain the goal of Black Economy taskforce. If the recommendations proposed by Treasury it should be implemented properly so that the desire objective would reduce the contribution of shared economy towards black economy (Enste 2015). The objective that will aid the government are listed below. Arrangements must be withdrawn which is not necessary and regulatory conditions must be increased. Reprieves should be limited or reduced Introduction of Sharing Economy Reporting Regime. No paying of cash incentives shall be increased Across the country cash based payments must be reduced or diminished. The small business and firms should reduce the regulatory burdens. Training should be there for small firms and business employers so that they bear by requirement of tax. Reference Allan, G., Lecca, P., McGregor, P., Swales, K. (2014). The economic and environmental impact of a carbon tax for Scotland: a computable general equilibrium analysis.Ecological Economics,100, 40-50. Colombo, E., Onnis, L., Tirelli, P. (2016). Shadow economies at times of banking crises: Empirics and theory.Journal of Banking Finance,62, 180-190. Enste, D. H. (2015). The shadow economy in industrial countries.IZA World of Labor. Fleming, D. A., Measham, T. G. (2015). Local economic impacts of an unconventional energy boom: the coal seam gas industry in Australia.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,59(1), 78-94. Gomis-Porqueras, P., Peralta-Alva, A., Waller, C. (2014). The shadow economy as an equilibrium outcome.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,41, 1-19. Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector.Current issues in Tourism,18(12), 1192-1217. Kirchgssner, G. (2017). On estimating the size of the shadow economy.German Economic Review,18(1), 99-111. Kuehn, Z. (2014). Tax Rates, Governance, and the Informal Economy in High?Income Countries.Economic Inquiry,52(1), 405-430. Leigh, N. G., Blakely, E. J. (2016).Planning local economic development: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Meng, S., Siriwardana, M., McNeill, J. (2013). The environmental and economic impact of the carbon tax in Australia.Environmental and Resource Economics, 1-20. Pickhardt, M., Sard, J. (2015). Size and causes of the underground economy in Spain: A correction of the record and new evidence from the MCDR approach.European Journal of Law and Economics,39(2), 403-429. Sassen, S. (2014).Expulsions: Brutality and complexity in the global economy. Harvard University Press. Schneider, F. (2015). Size and Development of the Shadow Economy of 31 European and 5 Other OECD Countries from 2003 to 2014: Different Developments?.Journal of Self-Governance Management Economics,3(4). Schneider, F., Kearney, A. T. (2013). The shadow economy in Europe, 2013.Johannes Kepler Universitat, Linz. Schneider, F., Raczkowski, K., Mrz, B. (2015). Shadow economy and tax evasion in the EU.Journal of Money Laundering Control,18(1), 34-51. Summers, L. H. (2014). US economic prospects: Secular stagnation, hysteresis, and the zero lower bound. Business Economics,49(2), 65-73. Williams, C. C. (2014).Confronting the Shadow Economy: evaluating tax compliance and behaviour policies. Edward Elgar Publishing. Winer, S. L., Profeta, P., Hettich, W. (2013).The political economy of taxation. Oxford University Press.

Time Means Money Essay Example

Time Means Money Paper Time is Money means Time = Money Don’t waste your money and don’t waste your time. Think it twice! Is it really true that time = money? What do you think? Some people who are very busy and have tight schedules would say that. They like to be rush because for them, Time is Money. Firstly, I think the same thing, time is money because time is as precious as money. However, time is more important than money because how hard we work, when we lose our time, you cannot get it back, how hard we try. The only thing that we can do is move on and appreciate every time we have. As I see my sons, grow everyday, I come to realize that they become bigger and bigger. Of course that’s what I want, but I start to miss their babies’ time when I see other babies. I cannot do anything, I only can try to remember how they were look like when they were babies, what did they do, etc. Though I have money, I can’t buy that memories. Time cannot be bought by money. As I see my sons grow everyday, I realize that I have spent lots of time and money. In order to raise my kids, I will need both, Time and money. Money, I can always raise it, the harder I work, the more money I will get. We will write a custom essay sample on Time Means Money specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Time Means Money specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Time Means Money specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But, it is not the same with time. How hard I work, I cannot raise more time, because time will keep go on and go on. Spending time with my kids are very precious time and important! It cannot be replaced by anything. Money cannot buy my precious time that I spend with my kids. When I loose my money, I would say, â€Å"It’s ok, I always can get it again. How if I loose my time? I cannot make a come back. Therefore, I conclude that Time is not money but Time is more important than money. waste your money and youre only out of money, but waste your time and youve lost a part of your life.

Definition and Discussion of General American English

Definition and Discussion of General American English General American English is a somewhat vague and outdated term for a  variety of spoken American English that seems to lack the distinctive characteristics of any particular region or ethnic group. Also called network English or newscaster accent. The term General American (GA, GAE, or GenAm) was coined by English professor George Philip Krapp in his book The English Language in America (1925). In the first edition of History of the English Language (1935), Albert C. Baugh adopted the term General American, calling it the dialect of the Middle States and the West. General American   is sometimes broadly characterized as speaking with a midwestern accent, but as William Kretzschmar observes (below), there has never been any single best or default form of American English that might form the basis for General American (A Handbook of Varieties of English, 2004). Examples and Observations The fact that I conjugate my verbs and speak in a typical Midwestern newscaster voicetheres no doubt that this helps ease communication between myself and white audiences. And theres no doubt that when Im with a black audience, I slip into a slightly different dialect.(U.S. President Barack Obama, quoted by Dinesh DSouza in Obamas America: Unmaking the American Dream. Simon Schuster, 2012)The term General American is sometimes used by those who expect for there to be a perfect and exemplary state of American English . . .. However, in this essay the term Standard American English (StAmE) is preferred; it designates the level of quality (here of pronunciation) that is employed by educated speakers in formal settings. StAmE pronunciation differs from region to region, even from person to person, because speakers from different circumstances in and different parts of the United States commonly employ regional and social features to some extent even in formal situations.(William A. Kret zschmar, Jr., Standard American English Pronunciation. A Handbook of Varieties of English, ed. by Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider. Mouton de Gruyter, 2004) [T]he standard assumption for American English is that even educated speakers, from certain regions at least (most notably New England and the South), at times use regional pronunciation characteristics and thus speak with an accent; hence, despite the persistent belief in a homogenous General American accent or notions like network English there is in fact no single norm of pronunciation that corresponds to RP [received pronunciation] in England, being a non-regional class dialect.(Edgar W. Schneider, Introduction: Varieties of English in the Americas and the Caribbean. A Handbook of Varieties of English, ed. by Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider. Mouton de Gruyter, 2004) Variants in Network English It is important to note that no single dialectregional or socialhas been singled out as an American standard. Even national media (radio, television, movies, CD-ROM, etc.), with professionally trained voices have speakers with regionally mixed features. However, Network English, in its most colourless form, can be described as a relatively homogenous dialect that reflects the ongoing development of progressive American dialects (Canadian English has several notable differences). This dialect itself contains some variant forms. The variants included within this targeted accent involve vowels before /r/, possible differences in words like cot and caught and some vowels before /l/. It is fully rhotic. These differences largely pass unnoticed by the audiences for Network English, and are also reflective of age differences.(Daniel Jones, English Pronouncing Dictionary, 17th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006) ​​General American vs. the Eastern New England Accent A few examples of differences between some regional dialects and General American or Network English are in order here, though these are necessarily selective. In the characteristic speech of Eastern New England, for instance, rhotic /r/ is lost after vowels, as in far or hard, while it is retained in all positions in General American. A rounded vowel has been retained in Eastern New England in words like top and dot, whereas General American uses an unrounded vowel. Another Eastern New England characteristic is the use of /É‘/ in words like bath, grass, last, etc., where General American uses /a/. In these respects the New England accent shows some similarities with British RP.(Diane Davies, Varieties of Modern English: An Introduction. Routledge, 2013) Challenges to the Concept of General American The belief that American English consists of General American and the Eastern (Northern) and Southern dialect varieties was called into question by a group of American scholars in the 1930s. . . . In 1930 [Hans] Kurath was named the director of an ambitious project called The Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada. He patterned the project on a similar European undertaking that had been completed some years before the American project started: Atlas linguistique de la France, which ran between 1902 and 1910. Given the results of their work, Kurath and his co-workers challenged the belief that American English had the varieties Eastern, Southern, and General American. Instead, they suggested that American English is best viewed as having the following major dialect areas: Northern, Midland, and Southern. That is, they did away with the elusive notion of General American and replaced it with the dialect area that they called Midland.(Zoltn Kà ¶vecses, American English: An In troduction. Broadview, 2000) Many Midwesterners are under the illusion that they speak without an accent. They may even believe that they speak Standard American English. But most linguists understand that there is not a single, correct way to speak English. So, yes, even Midwesterners speak with an accent.(James W. Neuliep,  Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach, 6th ed. SAGE, 2015)It should be emphasized that everyone speaks with an accent; it is as impossible to speak without an accent as to speak without making sounds. When people deny they have an accent, this is a statement of social prejudice and not linguistics.(Howard Jackson and Peter Stockwell, An Introduction to the Nature and Functions of Language, 2nd ed. Bloomsbury Academic, 2011) Also see: Standard American EnglishAccent PrejudiceEthnic Dialect,  Idiolect,  Regional Dialect, and  Social DialectMarkednessPrestigePronunciationStandard English

Free Essays on Black Religion

Essay Response-Black Theology According to Cone, Black theology is representative of the â€Å"historical fight for justice.† Black theology cannot be separated from power and politics. Black theology is what gave Black people the motivation to fight for their future and go against society, politics, and discrimination. â€Å"The term ‘Black Theology’ was created in this social and religious context. It was initially understood as the theological imagination in the struggle of freedom independently of white theologians† (570). Cone defines Black Theology as a â€Å"theology of black liberation†(571). Black Theology is said to have been â€Å"born in the context of the black community as black people were attempting to make sense out of their struggle from freedom†(571). Cone says, â€Å"Black theology can be found in our songs, prayers and sermons†¦it is the black vision of truth, preeminently the certainty that we were created not for slavery but for freedom. It began when white theology degraded black people and it gave them the hope to move on from this. In addition to theological issues, Black Theology provided freedom from white oppressors. Cone says â€Å"We felt the need to explain ourselves and to be understood from our own vantage point and not from the perspectives and experiences of whites†(569). Black theology helped black people to be set free from white racism. While whites used Christianity to give reason for slavery, blacks used it to go against the immorality of slavery. Faith empowered the weak and distraught black community into restoring itself. Society has degraded the black community, and their faith in God has uplifted them. â€Å"The recognition that comes from seeing Jesus as Liberator and the Gospel as freedom empowers black men to risk themselves for freedom and for faith. This faith we affirm in the midst of a hostile, disbelieving society†(565-6). Social reform is necessary but inadequate, an... Free Essays on Black Religion Free Essays on Black Religion Essay Response-Black Theology According to Cone, Black theology is representative of the â€Å"historical fight for justice.† Black theology cannot be separated from power and politics. Black theology is what gave Black people the motivation to fight for their future and go against society, politics, and discrimination. â€Å"The term ‘Black Theology’ was created in this social and religious context. It was initially understood as the theological imagination in the struggle of freedom independently of white theologians† (570). Cone defines Black Theology as a â€Å"theology of black liberation†(571). Black Theology is said to have been â€Å"born in the context of the black community as black people were attempting to make sense out of their struggle from freedom†(571). Cone says, â€Å"Black theology can be found in our songs, prayers and sermons†¦it is the black vision of truth, preeminently the certainty that we were created not for slavery but for freedom. It began when white theology degraded black people and it gave them the hope to move on from this. In addition to theological issues, Black Theology provided freedom from white oppressors. Cone says â€Å"We felt the need to explain ourselves and to be understood from our own vantage point and not from the perspectives and experiences of whites†(569). Black theology helped black people to be set free from white racism. While whites used Christianity to give reason for slavery, blacks used it to go against the immorality of slavery. Faith empowered the weak and distraught black community into restoring itself. Society has degraded the black community, and their faith in God has uplifted them. â€Å"The recognition that comes from seeing Jesus as Liberator and the Gospel as freedom empowers black men to risk themselves for freedom and for faith. This faith we affirm in the midst of a hostile, disbelieving society†(565-6). Social reform is necessary but inadequate, an...

Effects of Global Warming on Parks, Recreation and Tourism Essay

Effects of Global Warming on Parks, Recreation and Tourism - Essay Example The irony is that tourism itself is contributing to the very process that threatens it. Tourism relies on cars and buses, air-conditioning and air travel all of which release warm gasses. It accounts for about 5% of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions (Rosenthal, 2007). Tourism is significant for the global economy but there is an interrelationship with the climate. Global warming is a challenge for the tourism industry in the mountain areas but it results in the long summer season. This makes it interesting to concentrate on the effect on mountain tourism and then generalize on the overall impact on the tourism industry. Global mean temperature has increased by about 0.6 - 1Â °C over the last 100 years and will increase in the future as well. The temperature would further increase from 1.4 to 5.8Â ° until 2100 (Burki, Elsasser & Abegg, 2003). Global warming will be stronger on the land surface, the northern hemisphere and in winter, which means the summer season would be l onger. In the alpine areas, the financial viability of winter tourism industry depends on skiing, snowboarding, snowmobiling and cross-country skiing. Warmer temperature would affect ski tourism in mountain areas. Swiss glaciers have been steadily losing their surface since 1850 and it is expected that by 2030, 20 to 70% of the glaciers would have disappeared. Not only the mountain aesthetic is lost skiing slopes too are affected. Mountain areas become vulnerable to landslides and the cableway stations become unstable. Fog level would increase which would mean more summer tourism like hiking, trekking or biking. With warmer winters ice fishing would be impossible. Burki, Elsasser, and Abegg, however, contend that the climate change has been exaggerated by the media, science, and politics.

Roe v wade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Roe v wade - Research Paper Example Conversely, proposition for abortion is most intense in New England. One case in the US attributed to greatly influence abortion was the Roe v. Wade 1973. In this case, the US Supreme Court overruled the trimester framework argument and promoted abortion as a fundamental right. In Roe v. Wade (1973)2 case, the Supreme Court’s decision disallowed numerous states and federal restrictions on abortion and declared it as a fundamental right. The court ruled that abortion should not be allowed in all states where the fetus had the potential to survive outside the mother’s uterus. Consequently, the Supreme Court required that no state denies abortion for women in their first trimester, while abortion was only allowed on grounds of medical conditions during the second and third trimester3. Additionally, only the grounds of protecting the life of the fetus were acceptable for abortion in the third trimester. Upon the Supreme Court’s decision at Roe’s time, numerous states passed severe restrictions on any abortion practices as pro-lifers increasingly contended that life began at conception, thus making abortion unethical murder of acquitted humans. Additionally, other states passed laws that imposed hurdles on all women seeking abortion in defiance with the Roe decision. Defiance of Roe also saw the enactment of the federal Unborn Victims of Violence Act4 by the US government to protect the unborn fetus from being killed and assaulted. According to the US federal constitution, the protection of the unborn resulted in punishment for those intentionally attempting or committing murder of the unborn. A child is also declared as a full member of the Homo sapiens species for being a child in the uterus. Through the promotion of abortion, human life is deemed to be disposable on the basis of the mother’s fundamental rights. Kovnvitz5 reveals that rationally, human life has nothing known as

Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Race and Ethnicity Essay Until now talk of â€Å"race† and â€Å"ethnicity† still remains a sensitive issue and despite many attempts, discrimination still exists in our modern society. But, on the throes of a multiracial decade, we might be on track to finally understand that race is really a social creation. The website Race: Are We So Different? (http://www. understandingrace. org/home. html) helps shed light into this issue by providing interactive programs, like the Human Variation Quiz, that make it easier for people to understand the â€Å"race issue† in layman’s terms. After taking the quiz, it became clear to me that, yes, race is just embedded in our society and cannot be traced to our genetics or lineage. It gives out facts that correct our idea of what defines race. They tell us that, say, physical qualities that can be attributed to genetics cannot be categorized into the three or four races that people today recognize. Rather, study of our DNA even shows that there might be more genetic differences between two Latin Americans than between a Latin American and a Caucasian American. The documentary Race: The Power of Illusion also shows this when during a DNA workshop, led by forensic expert Scott Bronson, a group of teenagers from different lineages found out that they have more in common with other people from other â€Å"races† than their own. As Peter Wade mentions in his book Race and Ethnicity in Latin America (1997), biologically speaking, race does not exist (Wade 13). It is, therefore, a socially-constructed idea that actually changes with time. Most importantly, the quiz shows that if we track down our DNA to one source it can be traced to a human community that settled in Africa 100,000 years ago, showing that everyone of Earth comes from one community, one people. The problem that we should look into now is how as a society we can change this idea of different races into an understanding of one race. Scholars say that it involves a huge â€Å"paradigm shift†, like how humans began to see the world as round than flat. What I say is, no matter how big it is I believe we are definitely ready.

Sita as the Hidden Hero of Ramayana Essay -- Ramayana Essays

Sita as the Hidden Hero of Ramayana    Valmiki's Ramayana was written around 300 B.C.E. (Carrier 207). Typically, the character of Rama is seen as the hero and the character of Sita is seen as the hero's wife.   In this essay, I will compare Sita's journey of capture and inner growth with the "save the kingdom" journey of Rama, show how the two correlate, and eventually connect in the influential chastity scene. I will also prove that Sita is the "hidden hero" of this epic even though she is seen as taking a secondary role to Rama and show how this reflects women's secondary roles in society today. To begin our comparisons, we must first look at each character and recognize their separate journeys. Through summarization of the characters and their story, we will begin to see Rama's role and Sita's role. By this process, I will demonstrate how they correlate, differ and combine to form the Ramayana. Rama, the hero of the Ramayana, is a god known as Vishnu who has been reincarnated and sent to earth in mortal form. Rama must take an archetypal journey known as the "quest." During the quest, a hero must conquer obstacles to save the kingdom (Guerin et.al.154). Rama's obstacle is Ravana, an evil monster who is slowly taking over heaven and earth. Because Ravana never asked for protection from a human being, he can only be destroyed by a human being and this makes Rama's need for success especially important (Narayan 5). a the beginning of the narrative, Rama is forced into exile from his kingdom into the forest for 14 years. This exile begins his quest. Sita, Rama's wife, is reincarnation of the goddess Lakshmi, Vishnu's spouse in heaven. Sita accompanies Rama into the forest on his "quest" and is captured by Ravana. Th... ...of society. If women want to take control of their own lives and are tired of "proving"themsleves to others, they must first find a voice and then act upon their convictions, otherwise these gender roles will never change. Works Cited Carrier, Warren, ed. Guide to World Literature. Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English, 1980. Guerin, Wilfred L., et.al. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. Hindu Myths. London: Penguin Books, 1975. Singh, Khushwant. India: an Introduction. New Delhi: Vision Books, 1990. Valmiki. The Ramayana. Trans. Aubrey Menen. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons, 1954. ---. The Ramayana. Trans. R.K. Narayan. New York: Penguin Books, 1972. ---. The Ramayana. Trans. Elizabeth Seeger. New York: William R. Scott, Inc., 1969.

Affirmative Action Doesn’t Work

Introduction I. As once stated by John Kasich, â€Å"Affirmative action has a negative effect on our society when it means counting us like so many beans and dividing us into separate piles. † II. My partner and I stand against the resolution which states: â€Å"Resolved: Affirmative action to promote equal opportunity in the United States is justified. † III. We will show you that Affirmative action to promote opportunity in the United States is justified because Affirmative Action Doesn’t Work, Affirmative Action Stigmatizes Beneficiaries, Affirmative Action is not needed. Body I. Affirmative Action Doesn’t Work A. Affirmative action creates issues in college. Sander, Richard H. â€Å"Affirmative Action Hurts Those It's Supposed to Help. † Triblivenews. com. 2 Jan. 2005. Web. 02 Mar. 2010. . According to Richard Sander, (law professor at the University of California at Los Angeles) â€Å"Traditionally, critics of affirmative action have focused either on its unfairness to those groups that don't receive preferences (usually whites and Asians) or on the inherent conflict between racial preferences and the legal ideal of colorblindness. Over the last few years, however, a new and potentially even more damaging line of inquiry has emerged — the idea that racial preferences may materially harm the very people they intended to benefit†¦ My research over the last two years, using recent data that track more than 30,000 law students and lawyers, has documented even more serious and pervasive mismatch effects in legal education. Elite law schools offer very substantial racial preferences for blacks, Hispanics and American Indians in order to create student bodies that are as racially diverse as their applicant pools. Because these elite schools admit the black students that second-tier law schools would normally admit, second-tier schools, to keep up their minority numbers, also offer big racial preferences. The result is a cascade effect down the law school hierarchy, leaving 80 percent to 90 percent of black students at significantly more selective schools than they would get into strictly on their academic credentials. † B. II. Affirmative Action Stigmatizes Beneficiaries. A. B. Affirmative Action programs stigmatize minorities – studies prove Michelle Wu, senior writer, April 2, 2009, â€Å"Affirmative Action stigmatizes minority students,† Daily Princetonian, http://www. dailyprincetonian. om/2009/04/02/23248/ According to Michelle Wu, senior writer â€Å"Affirmative action may increase academic pressure and stigmatize minority students, according to a study conducted by sociology professor Douglas Massey GS ’78, â€Å"If white students believe that many of their black peers would not be at a college were it not for affirmative action and, more important, if black students perceive whites to believe that, then affirmation action may indeed undermine mino rity-group members’ academic performance by heightening the social stigma they already experience because of race or ethnicity,† Massey and his three collaborators wrote in The Chronicle of Higher Education on March 27. The researchers also presented another detriment of the controversial policy: â€Å"that affirmative action exacerbates the psychological burdens that minority students must carry on campuses. † III. Affirmative Action is not a need A. B. Obama proves affirmative action is no longer necessary Joseph Williams and Matt Negrin, March 18, 2008, â€Å"Affirmative Action foes point to Obama,† Boston Globe, http://www. boston. om/news/nation/articles/2008/03/18/affirmative_action_foes_point_to_obama/ According to Joseph Williams and Matt Negrin, March 18, 2008, staff writers of Boston Globe â€Å"Leading opponents of affirmative action are increasingly seizing on Illinois Senator Barack Obama's historic run for the presidency as proof that race-b ased remedies for past discrimination are no longer necessary. Influential Republicans and a growing number of policy specialists at conservative organizations, including the Goldwater Institute, Project 21, and the Manhattan Institute, are citing the fact that large numbers of white voters are supporting Obama, who leads in the race for Democratic delegates, as evidence that affirmative action has run its course. Ward Connelly, a black conservative who is leading a national effort to ban racial preferences, vowed to use Obama's

Africa&Egypt Essay

Africa is one of the richest continents when it comes to spectacular experiences with nature. Nowhere in the world can one encounter the abundance and variety of wildlife. Africa also delivers a plethora of ecosystems, geographical features and amazing wilderness experiences. Whether it is deserts, rivers, lakes, mountains, jungles, waterfalls, etc. Africa Geography The continent of Africa borders the southern half of the Mediterranean Sea. The Atlantic Ocean is to the west and the Indian Ocean is to the Southeast. Africa stretches well south of the equator to cover more than 12 million square miles making Africa the world’s second largest continent. Africa is also the world’s second most populous continent. Africa is one of the most diverse places on the planet with a wide variety of terrain, wildlife, and climates. It is the second largest and second most populous continent. Major Cities The highest point in Africa is Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania at 5895 meters high. The lowest point is Lake Asal in Djibouti at 153 meters below sea level. The largest country in Africa is Sudan, the smallest is The Seychelles. The most populated country is Nigeria and the largest city is Cairo in Egypt. The largest lake in Africa is Lake Victoria and the  longest river is The Nile River, which is also the longest river in the world. Africa is rich with varied wildlife including elephants, penguins, lions, cheetahs, seals, giraffes, gorillas, crocodiles, and hippos. African languages are varied with more than 1000 languages spoken across the continent. The Suez Canal divides Africa from Europe. The Sahara Desert The Sahara is larger than the US. Temperatures can reach as high as 130 and some areas go 10 years without rain. A few areas have grasses that can support animals. For thousands of years people have carried goods and ideas across the Sahara. The Kalahari Desert The Kalahari is not as dry as the Sahara. Grasses and wild melon grow and animals are able to graze. The Namib Desert The Namib Desert is one of the driest places on Earth. Trees and get water from mists that drift from the Ocean. Still animals and people find ways to survive in this area. Desertification: Turning semi desert land into desert Desertification can happen by natural actions: drought or by human actions such as cutting down forest for cooking fuel or to make farmland, overgrazing of shrubs and grasses by cattle and goats. With no grass or tree roots, the topsoil blows away and the desert advances. Natural Resources The most abundant natural resources in Africa are gold, diamonds, copper, cobalt, and oil. However, the distribution of resources is uneven causing wealth in some counties and poverty in others.

The Great Ward Stradlater essays

The Great Ward Stradlater essays The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salingers masterpiece, is about a young man named Holden Caufield at a time in his life when a lot of, Madman stuff, began happening to him. The story begins while Holden is still at Pency, a school in Pennsylvania, living with another student named Ward Stradlater. Stradlater is important to this story because of his relationship with Holden, how he contrasts with him, and also because of how something he does affects Holden throughout the rest of the story. Ward Stradlater first appears in the book in the third chapter, and disappears after the sixth, yet, during that time, he played a significant role in Holdens life. While they were roommates, it seems as though Holden actually liked Stradlater (unlike most other people at the school). This can be seen in a few ways; first, when Holden and Ackley, another student at Pency, are talking, Ackley makes mention of the fact that he thinks Stradlater is a sonuvabitch. Holden actually defends Stradlater saying that he is not a bad guy and that Ackley just does not know him well enough. Then Holden goes on to say that if Stradlater had a tie that Ackley like, he would probably just give it to him, implying that he was perhaps a generous guy. Also, the fact that Holden, Horsed-around, while around Stradlater, tap-dancing for him and the like, leads the reader to feel as though Holden felt close to him. How Stradlater felt about Holden is another question. It seemed that at one point he felt pretty close to Holden, but that was most likely only because he needed him to write him a paper for him. After his paper was written, he criticized Holden for what he wrote about which leads the read to think that he, in reality, did not care too much for him. Even though the two shared a room at Pency, they had very little in common. Stradlater was a stereotypical jock. Holden himself went into detail about how Stradl...

More people are living longer Essays

More people are living longer Essays More people are living longer Essay More people are living longer Essay Our population is at a new stage; . It is such a mixed blessing for although medical science, diet, and technology can provide the resources for a longer life, not all aspects of being older are pleasant; It is a fear and inconvenience. On the other hand, it is the revealed wisdom and confidence of people because I believe that growing older is growing wiser; we become wiser only through living experiences that we have been through. The day that I started my internship in a nursing home for a week when I was in nursing program, I felt meeting that I could not express because I had seen some elderly residents who did not have a visit from their loved ones for a long period of time. In my Asian culture, we value our elderly the most, and we love to listen to the experiences that they share. We have to keep in mind that it is nearly impossible for a single caregiver to provide all the needs for an aging parent. Am I adequately able to give care for my elderly parent on a daily basis? Do I need help providing supervisory care for my parent? Is my parent showing signs of confusion or dementia? These are basic questions that we all ask ourselves to determine when it comes to caring for our elderly parents. Dementia is a loss of intellectual ability that effects memory, learning, attention, thought and language skills. People with dementia may forget family members or not know that what day it is. Sometimes they become very angry or sad, hear voices, or see things that are not there. For example, there is one resident with dementia who committed to walk everyday. He walks from his Alchemies (most common type of dementia) Unit to the other unit (where I work at) three times a day. Every time he sees me, he says, There you are! Have you made your eight dollars yet? When I respond and start a conversation, he will say that he used to live at country side; he has a dog named Missy and she is 11 years old now. He has a fixated way of communication to others especially with the staff members. Also, there is another resident who checks the main dining room repeatedly. He has a short term memory ass, but what interesting is that it mainly affects his meal time. He comes back to look at main dining room to check if the meal being served right after he returned to his room after meals. As care givers of nursing home staff members, we have experienced some elderly patients become confused or irritable after the last meal of the day and it lasts until bedtime because during the evening hours, the constant daily mental processes for normal living can become overwhelming for the elderly. It is called sundowners syndrome. One good example of a sundowner is a 60 year old lady who was Just admitted in my rehab unit for rehabilitation. She was a small and frail person who needed to rest and rehabilitation. At first, she was medicated for agitation. Right before the medication kicked in her system, she started to run towards the emergency exit door of the unit to escape. When I caught her at the door way and stopped her from elopement, she became the strongest person in elderly people that I have known and her behavior was completely changed and became ere combative. I was attacked because I was holding the door to keep it shut to In Conclusion, modern technology, medical science, and diet have provided longer life spans compare to the previous generations. It is inconvenient to live a long life in all aspects. For although modern technology world would provide physical comforts to prolong life, elderly parents want to be surrounded with family members who give them love and support. We Just have to keep in mind that one day we will be in the same position where the elderly are now.

Grid Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Grid Computing - Essay Example Grid computing increases the throughput of a networked system. Various heterogeneous but networked resources across administrative boundaries can be modeled in to virtual computer architecture for resource sharing. The concept of grid computing is to solve complex computational problems that can not be solved by the limited resources of a single computer or group of computers within an organization. It is apparent from the above figure that networking technologies are more rapidly than the microprocessor technology. There is always a large chunk of processing power that remains underutilized in many computer clusters. Advancement in networking technology can logically be used to club all these underutilized resource thus solving the crunch of processing power in some computing clusters and considerably reducing the processing cost. Software complexity has been rapidly increasing in last four decades and it has reached to such a level that it became difficult to deal with. With this, need of swiftness in response to business requirement is also increasing. IT industry has been through various computing architectures of distributed processing for better resource utilization. This led to the evolution of various programming languages running on different platforms and a number of networking products. However, full resource integration is still very complex due to multiple development platforms. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is now considered as next big leap in computational architecture which may help IT industry to meet complex future needs. The concept of SOA has been in development since a long time. Ever since its inception it has been bogged down due to various problems of integrating different available object models and development of a robust architecture for simple, fast and secure integration of various development platforms. Defining SOA An SOA application is a composition of various distributed services performing some well defined tasks. A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a specific type of distributed system in which the agents are "software services" that perform some well-defined operation (i.e., it provides a service), and this type of architecture can be invoked outside of the context of a larger application. IBM also defines SOA as

Allegories as intented in the morality plays Essay

Allegories as intented in the morality plays - Essay Example For others, the term goes much deeper, to include characters, props, space and even time. Confronted with many perspectives, it is important, as a starting point, to pose one guiding definition of what this paper means by the notion of allegory. According to the Columbia Encyclopedia, an allegory serves as a â€Å"disguised representation for meanings other than those indicated on the surface.† The allegory is indeed a figure of speech by which meaning can be produced and, as it has to be sought beyond the actual appearance of things, it requires, according to its level of subtleties, an active mental involvement on the part of its pursuer. On a first surface level, the allegory is concerned with a narrative and the forms assumed by this latter. Independently of the type of narrative involved in the story, may it be prose, verse, drama or simply oral speech, the commonest type of allegory pertains to the storyline. The author narrates his/her events in a certain fashion and he/she orders them according to his/her inclinations. The careful selection of words or a deliberate misuse of them taints the story with a certain atmosphere. Identifiable themes emerge according to sections or passages, and these emerging themes are often played out and interwoven among themselves. They offer a plus-value to a narrative plot for they grant it with alternative meanings and interpretations. Not only is the narrative embellished by this process, but most importantly it acquires new significance and depth. By this rhetorical means, a drama may well contain traits belonging to a slapstick comedy or vice-versa a jolly light-hearted come dy may indeed reveal itself to be tragic and dreadful. As mentioned above, the delimitations of themes as well as their intrinsic refinements are seldom made explicit and often call for the reader’s own expertise and undeniably his/her willingness in finding

European Union Court of Justice and the National Courts Essay

European Union Court of Justice and the National Courts - Essay Example The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) aims to equally implementation the EU law in all the countries which come under the European Union. Additionally, it is responsible to resolve the legal disagreements primarily between the EU institutions and the government. Organizations operating in the EU region along with the individuals can also make an appeal to the CJEU if they find that their rights are violated by the legal institutions. In order to comprehend the critical nature of hierarchical relationship between CJEU and the national courts of the member states it is important to first analyze the functionality of European Union Court of Justice . CJEU appoints one judge in every EU country who is assisted by different advocate-generals. These advocates are responsible to give their opinions and remarks on the cases and appeals which are made to the court. However, all their activities must be presented in public without any biasness. The group of judge and advocate-gener als is selected for a period of six years . This time period can be extended as per the legal and political circumstances. The selections are usually made by the ruling governments in the EU countries. In order to smooth the activities of the court and to easily resolve huge number of cases, a General Court is made to deal with all the cases of European citizens and organizations. These cases are typically related to the competition law. The dispute between the European Union and its personnel is resolved by the EU Civil Service Tribunal . 3. In broader terms, the CJEU is responsible to deal with the following types of cases4: Appeals related to Preliminary Ruling In this case the national courts requests the European Union Court of Justice to interpret and illustrate an article or any other point related to the EU law. European Union has established national courts in EU countries which are fundamentally in charge of ensuring that the EU Law is implemented in all states. However, a risk of misinterpretation always remains there in such cases. For instance, there are significant chances that the national courts might interpret the EU law in an entirely different way. In order to avoid such situations the EU Law has introduced a preliminary ruling procedure. According to this procedure, the representatives of the national court are now required to ask for the advice of CJEU if in case they are doubtful about certain EU laws and their implementations. The requirement of asking for advice which is also known as ‘pre liminary ruling’ is sometimes mandatory to validate the actions. Deed or failure to accomplish an obligation

Cycle of Abusive Families Essay Example for Free

Cycle of Abusive Families Essay The story of A Thousand Acres written by Jane Smiley is not at all unfamiliar to some American families. While the story tells about the male character representing a negative typical figure of abuse and the female character as the victim of violence and lack of compassion may be fictional in nature, this kind of story also happens in real life (Smiley 12). Love, security, and safety are words commonly used to describe a home. Some people say that home is where the heart is. From the daily grind of life, people seek refuge in the confines of the place they call their own. However, not all homes echo peace and harmony among family members. Not every home becomes a safe place to return to. Not all homes are filled with laughter. Not all homes make one proud. As a child, I get used to playing alone. Within the four corners of my dark bedroom, I have learned to find ways of how to make myself happy as I tried hard to get numb from feeling the bruises on my body and even just for a while forget about terror I get from seeing blood drop out of my skin. Mom said that Dad loves me that is why when he learned that I was not performing academically well in school, he has to hit me to remind me that I had not been a good boy. I believe her. I blame myself for not being able to completely understand my lessons because I cannot concentrate on reviewing while I hear Dad cursing mom in between beatings while mom screams her heart out from the pains she endure. If Dad has to lock me up inside my room, I cannot blame him because it was my fault. If he had to switch the lights off while I have to read my books, I cannot blame him because it was my fault. If he will not allow Mom to bring some food inside my room because I had just been punished for my poor grades, I cannot blame him because it was my fault. Dad punishes me because I deserve it. He does all these things because he loves me. I came to believe that fathers normally act this way because Dad once said that my grandfather does the same things with him when he was my age. Perhaps, children have to go all through this to feel the love their fathers have for them. But I was wrong. Dad has no right to hurt me or Mom. He is a father and a husband, not the enemy. Love is not supposed to be expressed by inflicting harm on the other. Love is not supposed to leave wounds that even time cannot afford to mend. I never had a happy childhood. Now that I am a grown up, I must admit that I am still struggling with the pains that my father has caused me. I know that it takes time. I am also aware, that while I try to leave all the hurtful memories behind, some of the bitterness in my heart will be here to stay. My father has been long gone. He died of colon cancer. Since his demise, Mom and I tried our best to put ourselves and our lives back to pieces. It was utterly hard, but our love for each other helped each of us to live life anew. Neighbors, relatives, and friend also extended their help to us. Coping up entails a long process to recovery. Nonetheless, it was all worth it. Life has not been easy as I used to be hunted by my past. However, my experience has allowed me to extend help to those who find themselves on the same path I used to cross. I devote my time in learning more about domestic violence. In this way, I can cause a change to other people’s lives in my own little way. From my own personal experience, I learned so many things I could not have otherwise known. My life may not be enviable at all but I am so proud to have surfaced from it nonetheless. The things I learned from my own life story are the very same things I want to leave behind when I am gone. I learned that I am entitled to live in a place where I can be safe. I have the right to stay inside a home free from violence of any kind. I am free to commit mistakes. No one has the right to tell me that I am useless. I am supposed to live my life according to my rules following my own decisions. I deserve respect for my intelligence. I am entitled to chase my own dreams. I am supposed to attend to my personal needs as a person. It is unfair for me to remain in a relationship where my personal welfare is in no way considered. It is important for me to discuss my concerns particularly with people whose behavior impairs wellbeing. I am entitled to decide things on my own. While I have the right to express my opinion, I also have the right to withhold them if ever I decide to do so. Fulfilling the needs of people who has inflicted pain on me is not in any way my obligation. Violence in the family is not something new. Perhaps, since time immemorial, family violence has already existed. However, it was only during the modern times, that societies started to acknowledge its existence and regarded it as a social problem. The World Health Organization regarded violence in the family as a global health concern in the year 2002 (Barnett, Perrin, and Perrin 2). It is easy to think of the family as being relatively immune from violence, a place of safe harbor, a place of sustenance and care. The idea that a parent or a spouse would intentionally and knowingly inflict injury on a loved one is counterintuitive. A parent is supposed to protect and care for a child. Spouses are supposed to love and cherish each other. We know, however, that often the family is a source of maltreatment and violence. We read about maltreatment within families in the newspapers, and we see news stories about it on television. Many of us know people who have been abused by family members or we ourselves have been abused, or we have witnessed abuse between our parents. We know family violence exists. Identifying the commonality of violence in the family is a difficult task. Calculating family violence is naturally problematic, primarily since there is a little conformity among those who collect data as to precisely what makes up domestic violence. Regardless of definitional consensus, the fact remains that most domestic violence takes places inside the confines of a home. It is usually concealed, overlooked, or ignored. The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services as well as the Federal Bureau of Investigation finds it hard to accurately identify the statistics of family violence because not all cases are reported for reasons beyond their control (Barnett, Perrin, and Perrin 3). When researchers attempt to deal with the issue of frequency of domestic violence utilizing self-report surveys, the data they collect proves to be unavoidably insufficient. Some victims may find it hard to remember childhood maltreatments and those who are currently suffering from domestic violence may not regard, may choose not to regard, or may be unable to report the abuses they endure at home. In this light, statistics of domestic violence must be treated with caution. Identifying precisely and accurately how much violence exists in the American society seem almost impossible. Violence in the family may appear to be unpredictable, merely a sudden occurrence associated to the moment as well as to the circumstances under which the people concerned find themselves into. As a matter of fact, violence traces a distinctive pattern regardless of the time when it took place or who is involved. The cycle of violence recurs every time the level of the abuser’s violence rises. At each stage in the cycle, the abuser takes full control of his or her actions and tries to manipulate and further isolate the victim. To be able to effectively address the concerns of the abused, it is vital to have a good understand the cycle of violence as well as of how the mind of the abuser works. In this way, the abused recognizes that he or she is not the one at fault. The cycle of violence begins with the set up. It is followed by the act of abuse itself. Afterwards, the abuser suffers from feelings of â€Å"guilt† and revenge. It is then followed by rationalization. The abuser then shifts to a charming behavior. Thereafter, the abuser contemplates on how to carry out the next act of violence on his or her victim. The act of violence can be manifested in various forms. The abuser behaves violently in the intention to show his or her victim who is in control. When the assault has been done, the abuser feels guilty not for his or her actions but for fear of facing the consequences of what he or she has done. This is where the abuser begins to rationalize his or her actions. The abuser does so in order to shift the blame on others. When the abuser starts to complete another plot of abuse, he or she creates a situation wherein justification can be made as to why the assault happened in the first place. Violence in the American society is not at all new. Wars, riots, gangland slayings, political assassinations, or rape cases are different types of violence familiar to Americans. However, surprisingly, the American home is perhaps as or more violent as compared to ay singular American institution. They run the greatest risk of murder, physical injury, or assault inside the confines of their own homes inflicted by their own family members. Across the country this is borne out by official crime statistics. Stories of ill-treated children and maltreated wives are rampant enough to be labeled as â€Å"child abuse† and â€Å"wife abuse. † Approximately millions women and children ill-treated and abused by family members each year are only the tip of the iceberg identified as â€Å"violence between family members† (Straus, Gelles, and Steinmetz 4). Brothers and sisters beat, stab, and shoot each other. There are husbands who are struck and beaten by their wives, and even grandparents are battered by their own children. Violence in one generation affects and encourages violence in another generation. In many families, perhaps a majority of violent families, violence is not even considered taboo or wrong. Rather, it is an accepted and integral part of the way the family functions. Wife abuse and child abuse have captured public attention because of the terms themselves and because they involve terribly violent acts with damaging consequences for the victim. However, â€Å"abuse† is only one extreme end of the continuum of violence in the family, which, for many reasons, never is publicly identified as â€Å"abuse. † Our aim was to study a variety of forms of violence, including some which many people do not consider violent, such as spanking a child. These are some of the frequently asked and most important questions, which unfortunately, we still cannot answer with any certainty. There is no real way of knowing whether families have become more violent in the last decade of the last century. One could use official police, hospital, and social agency statistics to assess changes in the extent of child abuse and wife abuse, but for several reasons these statistics are not suitable for estimating actual levels of violence in the family. First, official statistics compile only the cases of family violence that come to public attention. These are probably only a fraction of the total cases of family violence. Second, official statistics are compiled by organizations and individuals who work in those organizations. These individuals and the units they work in are often influenced by publicity campaigns, public pressure, political pressure, and changes in state and federal law. It was not until 1968 that all fifty states had laws mandating reports of child abuse (Straus, Gelles, and Steinmetz 4). Thus, official statistics compiled by the states before 1968 reflect differences in official legal attitudes toward child abuse and not the true level of abuse in each of the states (Straus, Gelles, and Steinmetz 4). Even today, official statistics vary because each state and each compiler of the statistics in state and local agencies draw on different definitions of child neglect and child abuse. In terms of spouse abuse on the other hand, spouse abuse, few if any agencies have ever bothered to compile statistics on how many wives or husbands batter one another. Although we cannot say definitely whether violence in the American family is on the increase, historical facts argue that family violence certainly is not new and that, probably, we are more violent and perhaps a little less violent toward our own families than were our ancestors. Abused women are found in all socioeconomic levels, all educational, and all racial groups (Finkelhor 29). The abused woman has a martyr-like behavior. She is often a long sufferer and overloaded with the demands of others. The abused woman finds it difficult to nurture herself and she feels unappreciated. The abused woman is often employed but is not allowed control of any finances (Finkelhor 29). She does not know how to deal with stress. She can have anxiety attacks. Usually, this type of woman will feel tired and overworked. She does not provide enough space in her life for breaks. Poor management of time and resources are quite apparent. It is hard for the abused to make life changes. Problem solving is very stressful. The abused accepts responsibility for the batterer’s behavior. The battered woman is isolated and loses contact with her family or friends. She often feels embarrassed about her situation. This type of woman is further isolated because her partner does not want her to give time to friends, neighbors, relatives, or outside activities. He wants all the attention himself. The abused suffers from guilt. He or she may feel that he or she deserves to be beaten for failing to live up to the expectations of the abuser. An abused woman is a traditionalist about her role in the home. She strongly believes in family unity and has traditional expectations of her husband or as the provider. This type of woman wants to keep the image of a socially or religiously acceptable marriage. The abused has a low self-esteem and does not feel that he or she has much value. The abused is extremely critical of his or herself and usually of others. He or she does not have a high level of self-preservation. The abused accepts violence in the hope that someday the abused violence the abuser will eventually change. The abused believes that he or she caused the anger and violence. The abused woman usually loves her husband and wants to trust his promises that he will reform, although it rarely happens. The abused could have been emotionally neglected as a child. He or she could have been physically and/or sexually abused as a child or saw violence in his or her family. He or she could have been abused by a sibling, parent, or a relative. It is difficult for the abused to verbalize her needs and desires to others. He or she has poor communication skills and has difficulty in being able to express his or her anger. The abused woman has poor communication skills and has difficulty in being able to express her anger. Since the abused woman is unassertive, she can be quite manipulative. She is skilled in the art of complaining. However, her complaints are usually not listened to or resolved by her partner. The abused is usually in denial. He or she will not admit to his or herself that he or she has been physically, emotionally, or sexually abused. The abused may think of each incident as an accident. He or she often gives excuses for the abuser’s violence. The abused usually rationalizes the incident. The abused woman is usually taught from her childhood to defer power to a male. Much of the time she feels helpless and will look for someone to help her put her life together. She does not want to take responsibility for making decisions and would rather have someone else make them. Many abused women feel comfortable in taking a complaint position (Finkelhor 29). She has been brought up to believe that women are weak, inferior, and should submit to men in return for financial support. The abused is often depressed. He or she can try to make his or herself less depressed by overdoing things. The abused my turn out to be alcoholic, may overeat, may over exhaust his or herself from work, to name a few. He or she may even contemplate on suicide to end his or her difficult life. Although parents’ use of violence on children certainly is not new, the addition of the term child abuse to our vocabulary has come about only recently. Child abuse typically refers to acts committed by parents on their children that other members of the society view as inappropriate and harmful. Thus, child abuse depends on historically and culturally relative judgments for its meaning. All families have tensions, and all families sometimes resolve these tensions in inappropriate ways. Even the best parents and the most loving couples sometimes lose their tempers, say intentionally hurting things to one another, raise their voices when arguing, and even lash out at loved ones physically. Many structural factors make families particularly prone to violence. One of these is the amount of time family members spend together, which increases the opportunity for violence. Another factor is that family interactions are often emotional, and so especially volatile. In addition, power differential often exists among family members. Children are subordinate to parents, elderly parents are subordinate to their adult children, and wives may be subordinate to husbands. The result is that the powerless sometimes become targets of aggression. Further complicating matter is the fact that children, and to some degree, women as well cannot fight back. Nor can they always choose with whom they will or will not interact. Whereas many interpersonal conflicts can be resolve simply through the dissolution of relationships, family relationships are protected by law and are not so easily severed. Wives can easily feel trapped by the cultural, legal, and economic constraints of marriage. Children are dependent on their parents. Even when child maltreatment comes to the attention of authorities, states are reluctant to break up families and parents are often given every opportunity to change. Everyone involved with spousal abuse seems to have feelings of guilt and frustration that manifest themselves as denial or in a pessimistic outlook. Either they cannot do anything about it so they might as well ignore it, or they cannot do anything about it by they will pretend they can until someone comes up with a better idea. It appears they are embarrassed by their failure or their perception of failure and so use defense mechanisms to protect themselves from it. Perhaps, this explains the general reluctance to talk about the problem at all, to anyone. Some believe that family members can be expected to lose control from time to time, that parents and spouses sometimes need to â€Å"blow off steam. † They may rationalize that a man who hits his wife is not really violent – he just had a bad day at work and lost his temper. Or they many rationalize that a woman is generally a good mother, but her kids were really acting up and she only hit them because she lost control temporarily. Some people believe that such actions are inevitable – even natural – and are hardly worthy of serious societal reaction. The ludicrous nature of the â€Å"it just happens† justification becomes clear, however, when one recognizes that stranger violence is not so easily dismissed. When one stranger assaults another, we do not allow the assailant to dismiss his actions as a momentary loss of control, a need to blow off steam, or a reaction to a bad day at work. Nor do we allow the assailant to blame the victim. We are appropriately intolerant of stranger violence. Violence within the family increasingly is identified as profound societal problems that can exert a multitude of short and long term effects on young people and can take a variety of forms including abuse perpetrated by parents or siblings. Victims of violence are survivors, and they find various ways to help themselves endure the violence until they are able to leave the relationship. The coping strategies they work out enable them to put their feelings on hold so they can deal with the day-to-day challenges of a violent and dangerous life. The most common coping strategy abused people do is denial. Denial enables them to live with what is happening and to avoid feelings of terror and humiliation. Denial can be counterproductive, as they may cause the victim to deny the seriousness of the problem. Anger enables the victim to take strong action in an emergency. Nightmares provide a way to experience strong feelings of fear, anger, panic, and shame the abused may not be able to share with anyone else or even allow him or herself to feel. The emotional impact on children who witness domestic violence done to other people can be significant, particularly when their parents or recognized authority are the ones involved. Moreover, the emotional impact on children is also great when the violence takes places inside the home where children are supposed to be kept away from harm. When children find themselves in a hopeless situation, they can also be harmed regardless of whether or not they are the ones directly abused in the situation (Helfer, Kempe, and Krugman 3). Many times, the effects of domestic violence are intensified when the children think they can no longer expect support coming from their parents or caregivers. They likewise struggle with feelings of fault and guilt. It is crucial to acknowledge that the impact on the child bearing witness to domestic violence can be controlled by a several factors, such as support from concerned adults as well as effective treatment to address their problems. In the vast majority of families, women are the primary caretakers of children. Therefore, the battering of mothers affects children in myriad of ways. Children who witness violence against their mothers are at considerable risk physically, psychologically, and emotionally. These children face two fold threats. One of which is the threat of physical abuse. The other is the threat of bearing witness to a traumatic incident happening inside their home. Children living inside a violent home are also at risk of being harmed. They may be traumatized witnessing their mother being attacked while both of them are left without aid. Consequently, these children may lay the blame on themselves for not being able to do something about the problem. Furthermore, these children may be abused or neglected themselves. Women who have been battered repeatedly are sometimes unable to respond psychologically to their children. They may display the following behaviors: unresponsiveness to the child’s emotional needs, passive rejection of the child, detachment or lack of involvement with the child, interaction with the child only when necessary, no display of pleasure when interacting with the child, lack of positive response to the child’s attempts to elicit interaction, poor ability to comfort the child at times of distress, no sharing in the positive experience of the child, withdrawn affect, no display of emotion, or depression, and an inability to derive pleasure or satisfaction from a relationship with the child (Wilson 32). Children living inside violent homes may be indirectly harmed themselves. These children may be struck by thrown objects or weapons. Babies may suffer injuries in the event that the mother is holding the baby at a time the assault takes place. In other cases, children may receive injuries while they try to protect their mother from harm. Many fathers unintentionally inflict harm on their children while throwing objects while assaulting their wives. The care, affection, and love they deserve are not given to children living inside violent homes. The trust of an abused child towards a violent parent is impaired in the process. Moreover, violence toward a child by a parent often serves to disrupt the development of child-parent attachment. The aggressive family tends to live in an environment that fails to provide the children with appropriate opportunities for or models of socialization or bonding. It is not surprising that children who are victims of family violence often have impaired social relations. Children have been subjected to differing types of maltreatment throughout history, and these atrocities are well documented (Utech 37). For centuries, society has condoned infanticide, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and the exploitation of children’s labor. The prevalence of child maltreatment has endured throughout time and has cultivated tenacious legacies that have shaped societal response to child abuse. Those legacies include the tenet that children are the property of their parents – and expandable as well. These traditions contributed to the slow societal response n defining and responding to child abuse. In addition, society has suffered from a denial of the problem’s existence and prevalence. Child abuse is a complex, disturbing concern that, even though prevalent in underprivileged families, crosses all sectors of society (Helfer, Kempe, and Krugman 3). The human as well as fiscal costs of abuse in America are huge. It is highly possible that billions of dollars are used in social service and treatment costs and lost in reduced productivity for a generation of abused children. The human costs on the other hand fill a long list of psychological disorders. The emotional damage due to maltreatment may last a lifetime. Works Cited Barnett, Ola W. , Cindy Lou Miller-Perrin, and Robin D. Perrin. Family Violence Across the Lifespan: An Introduction. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE, 2005. Finkelhor, David. The Dark Side of Families: Current Family Violence Research. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE, 1983. Helfer, Mary Edna, Ruth S. Kempe, and Richard D. Krugman. The Battered Child. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1999. Smiley, Jane. A Thousand Acres. London: HarperPerennial, 2008. Straus, Murray Arnold, Richard J. Gelles, and Suzanne K. Steinmetz. Behind Closed Doors: Violence in the American Family. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2006. Utech, Myron. Violence, Abuse and Neglect. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Altamira, 1993. Wilson, K. J. When Violence Begins at Home: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Ending Domestic Abuse. Alameda, California: Hunter